Chempro

Effect of Plastic Type and Catalyst on the Characteristics of Pyrolysis Oil: A Literature Review

Nisa Aina Fauziah — Thu, 25 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

One of the solutions to reduce plastic waste pollution is through pyrolysis technology, which can convert plastic waste into oil as an alternative liquid fuel. However, the quality of the resulting oil is strongly influenced by the type of plastic and the catalyst used during the pyrolysis process. This literature review aims to analyze the effect of plastic type and catalyst on the characteristics of pyrolysis oil, with a focus on yield, density, and viscosity. Various studies report that plastic waste types such as PP, HDPE, LDPE, and PET produce different yields and physicochemical properties due to differences in their polymer structures. The use of zeolite-based catalysts has been shown to produce pyrolysis oil with relatively good performance. Overall, the reviewed studies indicate that appropriate selection of plastic type and catalyst plays an important role in controlling pyrolysis oil characteristics to approach commercial fuel specifications. Nevertheless, further upgrading processes are still required to meet applicable fuel quality standards.

Production of Biodiesel from Avocado Seed Oil Using Simultaneous Distillation Extraction Method

Ikhwanul Hakim, Badi Mustakim, imas masruroh, Yulis Sutianingsih — Thu, 25 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Avocado is a plant that grows abundantly in tropical regions such as Indonesia. Its seeds contain fatty acids such as linoleic, palmitic, and oleic acids, making them a potential raw material for biodiesel production due to their relatively high oil content compared to other seeds. Biodiesel is a renewable alternative fuel derived from fatty acids of plant or animal origin. Biodiesel production from avocado seed oil in this study was carried out using a simultaneous distillation extraction method with n-hexane as the solvent, resulting in an oil yield of 3.65%. The extracted oil was analyzed for free fatty acid (FFA) content and showed a value of 1.28%, allowing the oil to be directly processed through transesterification without a prior esterification step. The transesterification process was conducted using methanol with KOH as a base catalyst. The resulting biodiesel was then purified and its quality was evaluated. The results showed that the saponification value of avocado seed oil was 305.745 mgKOH/g and that of biodiesel was 30.8 mgKOH/g. The acid value of avocado seed oil was 2.8 mgKOH/g, while that of biodiesel was 1.8 mgKOH/g. The densities of avocado seed oil and biodiesel were 0.912 g/mL and 0.835 g/mL, respectively, and their viscosities were 6.128 cSt and 1.953 cSt, respectively. In the flame test, the first test without biodiesel produced a small flame, whereas the second and third tests using biodiesel samples produced a larger flame. Based on these results, biodiesel produced from avocado seed oil exhibited reduced physical and chemical properties compared to the initial oil; however, overall, it did not yet meet the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for biodiesel, indicating that further optimization of the biodiesel production process from avocado seed oil is required.

The Effect of Activation of CaO Catalyst from Duck Eggshell with KOH on the Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil

Muhamad Dafa, Farhan Ariq Athallah, Fadlinatin Naumi, Devi Lestariningsih — Thu, 25 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The depletion of Indonesia's petroleum reserves from 8.61 billion barrels to 7.73 billion barrels during 2004-2011 has driven renewable alternative energy development through waste cooking oil utilization as biodiesel feedstock. This study examined the effect of calcium oxide catalyst activation from duck eggshells using potassium hydroxide on biodiesel quality. Catalyst was obtained through calcination at 900°C for three hours and activated with 20 grams KOH per 100 mL, then reacted with waste cooking oil at 60°C in simple reactor. Catalyst concentration variations included without KOH and 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% with KOH activation. Results showed 2% and 4% concentrations with KOH activation produced optimal biodiesel with acid number 0.44 mg KOH/g, density 877-888 kg/m³, and kinematic viscosity 5.34-5.55 mm²/s meeting SNI 7182:2015 requirements. The 8% concentration achieved the highest yield at 62.65%, but the product quality decreased due to saponification reactions. CaO catalyst activation with KOH increased transesterification efficiency compared to without activation.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF SALTING METHOD ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF VIRGIN COCONUT OIL PRODUCTION QUALITY

Mubarok, Ade Ni’matullah, siti hajir, Muhammad Ihsan — Thu, 25 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) is a processed product from fresh coconut meat that is processed at room temperature or without heating. VCO oil can be produced using various methods, namely heating method, acidification method, enzymatic method, salting method, fermentation method, and centrifugation method. The purpose of this study is to determine the quality of VCO produced using the salting method with variations in the amount of salt and salting time. In this study, VCO oil was made using variations in salting time of 12, 24, and 36 hours and variations in the amount of salt of 4, 5, and 6 grams. The resulting VCO oil was then tested for chemical properties including organoleptic tests and yield, as well as chemical properties including free fatty acids, water content, and peroxide number. The results showed that the addition Salt in the VCO production process does not significantly affect the quality of the VCO product.

The Effect Of KOH Concentration on Liquid Dishwashing Soap from Used Cooking Oil and Lime Leaf Extract

Muhamad Adam1, Bagas Adriansyah, Yulis Sutianingsih, imas masruroh — Thu, 25 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) is widely used in the food, cosmetic, and soap industries; however, repeated use produces used cooking oil that poses health and environmental risks due to its peroxide content. This study aims to convert used cooking oil into an eco-friendly liquid dishwashing soap through a saponification process using potassium hydroxide (KOH). The research methods include variations in KOH concentration (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) and stirring time (20 and 40 minutes). Soap characteristics were tested based on organoleptic parameters, pH, viscosity, foaming power, free fatty acid (FFA) content, and free alkali. The results showed that increasing KOH concentration and stirring time affected the physical and chemical properties of the soap. All formulations met the SNI standards for pH, viscosity, foaming power, and FFA, but the free alkali content still exceeded the limit. The best condition was obtained with a 5% KOH concentration and a 40-minute stirring time.

THE EFFECT OF MIXING DEMINERALIZED WATER AND CONDENSATE ON BOILER OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY AT PT LOTTE CHEMICAL TITAN NUSANTARA

Rizki Dwi Putra, Agilusalam, Muhammad Ihsan, Devi Lestariningsih — Thu, 25 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study determines the optimal mixing ratio of demineralized water and condensate for boiler feedwater at PT Lotte Chemical Titan Nusantara by balancing water quality and cost efficiency. Parameters evaluated were pH, conductivity, phosphate, silica, and total iron for five mixing ratios: 100% demin, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 100% condensate. Increasing condensate fraction moderately increased pH, conductivity, phosphate, and total iron while remaining within operational limits. The 25% demineralized water : 75% condensate ratio provided safe water quality and reduced operating costs by up to 67.5%, making it the optimal composition.